Smart Bike Sharing System to make the City even Smarter

These last years with the growing population in the smart city demands an efficient transportation sharing (bike sharing) system for developing the smart city. The Bike sharing as we know is affordable, easily accessible and reliable mode of transportation. But an efficient bike sharing capable of not only sharing bike also provides information regarding the availability of bike per station, route business, time/day-wise bike schedule. The embedded sensors are able to opportunistically communicate through wireless communication with stations when available, providing real-time data about tours/minutes, speed, effort, rhythm, etc. We have been based on our study analysis data to predict regarding the bike's available at stations, bike schedule, a location of the nearest hub where a bike is available etc., reduce the user time and effort

Analysis and Characterization of Microplastics through Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques for Environmental Monitoring

The pinnacle of technological advancements, especially plastic, has become one of the greatest environmental challenges that the earth has ever dealt with. In the face of ground-breaking versatility, plastic litter has marked its presence from the highest peaks to the deepest points in the oceans. Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with a size of less than 1 mm along their longest dimension, originating from a wide array of sources. The current public awareness of MP pollution is based on a huge amount of scientific research completed and published over the last fifteen years, which has just recently been highlighted by the media. It's been a protracted process that began with isolated examinations carried out by researchers who were ordinarily working in various fields of study but recognised the threat's potential. MPs are not traditional chemical contaminants, but rather a complex array of manmade detritus made up of various sizes, polymers, chemical additives, and sorbed pollution. The MP study is still in its infancy stage since it continues to be hampered by a lack of defined protocols and methodologies for investigating MPs in the laboratory. The use of MPs in laboratory research necessitates precise particle characterization to link the impacts of microplastics to their characteristics. To understand microplastic transit, deposition, and toxic effects, it is vital to distinguish between MP particles and those that are not. This thesis has primarily focused on the application of a new technology for analyzing MPs, based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRs). As revealed by the bibliometric analysis of characterizing MPs by Fourier-Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, NIRs have only lately been applied, notably in the form of the miniaturized spectrometer (NIRs). Although NIR spectroscopy has been used as a standard tool for online quality assurance in food manufacturing and pharmaceuticals for decades, its ability to analyse microplastics in various environmental matrices has only recently been recognized. The workflow of this thesis begins with the use of handheld MicroNIR to analyse urban plastic garbage and construct an in-house NIR spectrum library, showcasing the usage of portable technology in the recycling sector. Because most libraries are constructed with virgin polymers, spectral shifts caused by MPs degradation are frequently missed. As a result, a new, more durable library searching algorithm capable of dealing with the difficulty of comparing degraded MPs to pristine polymer references was necessary. The second section discussed the significance of using reference materials in MP research and compares three techniques for producing MPs for research laboratories. This work will make it easier to comprehend the morphologies of MPs produced from the same parent particle using diverse techniques in a short period, allowing MP research to accelerate. The third section is based on the proof-of-concept study to analyse mixtures of microplastics through a handheld Near-Infrared Spectrometer. Given that, this study has proven the possibility of a portable tiny near-infrared spectrometer (MicroNIR) paired with chemometric methodologies for the measurement of secondary MPs mixes created at a laboratory scale for the first time. Extraction and purification are followed by identification and quantification in the MP analysis. The extraction of MPs from any environmental matrix is the most important phase since it is controlled by the matrix type and microplastic's size, shape, and density. As a result, the extraction technique should be tailored to the type of matrix under consideration. Following this idea, a comprehensive description of microplastic extraction processes distinguished by environmental matrix is offered at the end of this thesis in the form of a review. With concluding remarks, the final chapter gives a glimpse into the study's future prospects.The pinnacle of technological advancements, especially plastic, has become one of the greatest environmental challenges that the earth has ever dealt with. In the face of ground-breaking versatility, plastic litter has marked its presence from the highest peaks to the deepest points in the oceans. Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with a size of less than 1 mm along their longest dimension, originating from a wide array of sources. The current public awareness of MP pollution is based on a huge amount of scientific research completed and published over the last fifteen years, which has just recently been highlighted by the media. It's been a protracted process that began with isolated examinations carried out by researchers who were ordinarily working in various fields of study but recognised the threat's potential. MPs are not traditional chemical contaminants, but rather a complex array of manmade detritus made up of various sizes, polymers, chemical additives, and sorbed pollution. The MP study is still in its infancy stage since it continues to be hampered by a lack of defined protocols and methodologies for investigating MPs in the laboratory. The use of MPs in laboratory research necessitates precise particle characterization to link the impacts of microplastics to their characteristics. To understand microplastic transit, deposition, and toxic effects, it is vital to distinguish between MP particles and those that are not. This thesis has primarily focused on the application of a new technology for analyzing MPs, based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRs). As revealed by the bibliometric analysis of characterizing MPs by Fourier-Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, NIRs have only lately been applied, notably in the form of the miniaturized spectrometer (NIRs). Although NIR spectroscopy has been used as a standard tool for online quality assurance in food manufacturing and pharmaceuticals for decades, its ability to analyse microplastics in various environmental matrices has only recently been recognized. The workflow of this thesis begins with the use of handheld MicroNIR to analyse urban plastic garbage and construct an in-house NIR spectrum library, showcasing the usage of portable technology in the recycling sector. Because most libraries are constructed with virgin polymers, spectral shifts caused by MPs degradation are frequently missed. As a result, a new, more durable library searching algorithm capable of dealing with the difficulty of comparing degraded MPs to pristine polymer references was necessary. The second section discussed the significance of using reference materials in MP research and compares three techniques for producing MPs for research laboratories. This work will make it easier to comprehend the morphologies of MPs produced from the same parent particle using diverse techniques in a short period, allowing MP research to accelerate. The third section is based on the proof-of-concept study to analyse mixtures of microplastics through a handheld Near-Infrared Spectrometer. Given that, this study has proven the possibility of a portable tiny near-infrared spectrometer (MicroNIR) paired with chemometric methodologies for the measurement of secondary MPs mixes created at a laboratory scale for the first time. Extraction and purification are followed by identification and quantification in the MP analysis. The extraction of MPs from any environmental matrix is the most important phase since it is controlled by the matrix type and microplastic's size, shape, and density. As a result, the extraction technique should be tailored to the type of matrix under consideration. Following this idea, a comprehensive description of microplastic extraction processes distinguished by environmental matrix is offered at the end of this thesis in the form of a review. With concluding remarks, the final chapter gives a glimpse into the study's future prospects

Imagining Bharat: Romance, Heroism, And Hindu Nationalism In The Bengali Novel, 1880-1920

Although the Republic of India was founded as a secular democracy, the country has long been plagued by sectarian violence between its Hindu majority and Muslim minority. Scholars have examined how the 1940s Indian nationalist movement and the 1947 Partition of the subcontinent laid the foundation for communal tensions, but the long-standing conception of India as a fundamentally Hindu nation has received less attention. This dissertation examines colonial Bengal at the turn of the twentieth century in order to trace the longer history behind the widespread belief that India is a fundamentally Hindu nation—the animating tenet of contemporary Hindutva ideology. Reading works composed in Bengali and English, I demonstrate how the Bengali novel played a central role in perpetuating and, at times, contesting this Hindu cultural imagining by strategically exploiting elements of indigenous oral and literary traditions alongside key themes of British Orientalist discourse. The dissertation argues that turn-of-the-century Bengali writers were paramount in politicizing the emerging understanding of India as the mythic Hindu utopia “Bharat,” a term lifted from ancient religious texts that, for many Hindus today, represents not just India’s true identity but also its only acceptable future

Ontology-based Classification and Analysis of non- emergency Smart-city Events

Several challenges are faced by citizens of urban centers while dealing with day-to-day events, and the absence of a centralised reporting mechanism makes event-reporting and redressal a daunting task. With the push on information technology to adapt to the needs of smart-cities and integrate urban civic services, the use of Open311 architecture presents an interesting solution. In this paper, we present a novel approach that uses an existing Open311 ontology to classify and report non-emergency city-events, as well as to guide the citizen to the points of redressal. The use of linked open data and the semantic model serves to provide contextual meaning and make vast amounts of content hyper-connected and easily-searchable. Such a one-size-fits-all model also ensures reusability and effective visualisation and analysis of data across several cities. By integrating urban services across various civic bodies, the proposed approach provides a single endpoint to the citizen, which is imperative for smooth functioning of smart cities

MOTIVASI BEKERJA PADA BURUH TANI TEBU PEREMPUAN

Seiring berjalannya waktu, terjadi adanya pergeseran peran perempuan. Apabila semula perempuan berperanhanya menjadi ibu rumah tangga, namun kini perempuan memiliki peran lain yaitu turut bekerja mencarinafkah. Fenomena ini dijumpai pada buruh tani tebu perempuan di Kebun Pembibitan Kembaran, PGMadukismo Yogyakarta. Proporsi jumlah buruh tani tebu di lahan pembibitan didominasi oleh perempuan,padahal termasuk pekerjaan yang berat, namun para perempuan tersebut memilih untuk bekerja menjadi buruhtani tebu. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk melihat apakah motivasi bekerja buruh tani perempuan tersebut.Adapun penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus . Analisis datamenggunakan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motivasi intrinsik buruh tani tebuperempuan bekerja adalah kebutuhan ekonomi, sementara motivasi intrinsik berasal dari lingkungan kerja yangnyaman